To find the systematic offset voltage at the op-amp output, the output voltage in (6.67) should be subtracted from a voltage midway between the supplies. To refer the systematic offset voltage to the op-amp input, this difference should be divided by the op-amp gain. The result is
Equation 7.3 on page 489 is incorrect. (The numerator is wrong.) The correct equation is:
The last paragraph on page 390 and the first line on page 391
are incorrect. They should be replaced with:
To find the gain of the error amplifier,
the key observation is that the small-signal resistance
looking into the source of
is zero ignoring channel-length
modulation. This result stems from the operation of the
same negative feedback loop that biases the gate of
.
If the small-signal voltage at the source of
changes,
the negative feedback loop works to undo the change.
For example, suppose that the source voltage of
increases.
This change reduces the gate voltage of
because
operates as a common-source amplifier.
Then the source voltage of
falls because
operates as a source follower. Ignoring channel-length
modulation, the source voltage of
must be held exactly
constant because
if
is constant.
Therefore, the small-signal resistance looking into
the source of
is zero.
As a result, none of the small-signal drain current from
flows in
. Instead, it all flows in the source
of
. To calculate the transconductance of the error
amplifier, the output at the drain of
is connected to
a small-signal ground. Since
and
share the same gate
connection, and since their sources each operate at small-signal grounds,
the small-signal current in
is copied to
.
Therefore, the entire small-signal current from the differential pair
flows at the error-amplifier output and the transconductance is
In Figure 1.3 on page 6, ``Foward'' Bias should be Forward Bias.